A

Active Management

The trading of securities to take advantage of market opportunities as they occur, in contrast to passive management. Active managers rely on research, market forecasts, and their own judgment and experience in selecting securities to buy and sell

Administration Expenses

The day-to-day costs for basic administrative services, such as plan recordkeeping, accounting, and legal and trustee services, that are necessary to run a retirement plan. These expenses also may include the costs of telephone voice-response systems, access to a customer service representative, educational seminars, retirement planning software, investment advice, electronic access to plan information, daily valuation, and online transactions

Aggressive

An investment approach that accepts above-average risk of loss in return for potentially above-average investment returns

Aggressive Growth Fund

An investment fund that takes higher risk of loss in return for potentially higher returns or gains

AMEX Major Market Index (XMI)

An index that is an average of 20 Blue Chip Industrial Stocks

Annual Rate of Return

The annual rate of gain or loss on an investment expressed as a percentage

Annual Report

A yearly report or record of an investment’s (e.g., a mutual fund’s or company’s) financial position and operations

Appreciation

An increase in the value of an investment

Asset

Anything having commercial or exchange value that is owned by an individual, institution, or business

Asset Allocation

The diversification of investments among several asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, and short-term investments (e.g., cash equivalents). Proper asset allocation may limit risk and increase opportunities

Asset Class

A category of investments, such as stocks, bonds, or cash equivalents

Average Annual Total Return

The yearly average percentage increase or decrease in an investment’s value that includes dividends, gains, and changes in share price

Average Portfolio Maturity

The average maturity of all the bonds in a bond fund’s portfolio.

B

Back-end Load

A sales charge investors pay when they redeem (or sell) mutual fund shares, insurance products, or other investments, generally used to compensate brokers. Also known as a Deferred Sales Charge

Balanced Fund

A mutual fund that invests in a combination of asset classes (usually stocks and bonds and, in some cases, cash equivalents). Balanced funds seek to provide growth and income

Barclays Capital U.S. Aggregate Bond Index

A common index widely used to measure performance of U.S. bond funds

Basis Point

One-hundredth of one percent, or 0.01%. For example, 20 basis points equal 0.20%. Investment expenses, interest rates, and yield differences among bonds are often expressed in basis points

Benchmark

A standard against which an investment’s performance can be compared, often an index of securities in the same asset class as the investment

Bond

The debt instrument (or “IOU”) of a corporation or government entity that promises to pay the investor a specified amount of interest for a specified time period, with principal to be repaid when the bond matures

Bond Fund

A fund that invests primarily in bonds and other debt instruments

Bond Rating

A rating or grade that is intended to indicate the credit quality of a bond, considering the financial strength of its issuer and the likelihood that it will repay the debt. Agencies such as Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s Investors Service, and Fitch issue ratings for different bonds, ranging from AAA (highly unlikely to default) to D (in default)

Broker

A person who acts as an intermediary between the buyer and seller of a security, insurance product, or mutual fund, often paid by commission. The terms broker, broker/dealer, and dealer are sometimes used interchangeably

Brokerage Window

An investment option giving plan participants and beneficiaries the ability to set up self-directed brokerage accounts to select investments beyond those designated by a retirement plan.

C

Capital Appreciation Fund

An investment fund that seeks growth in share prices by investing primarily in stocks whose share prices are expected to rise

Capital Gain

Any gain realized from the sale of a capital asset

Capital Loss

The loss in the value of an investment, calculated by the difference between the purchase price and the net sale price

Capital Preservation

An investment goal or objective to keep the original investment amount (the principal) from decreasing in value

Capitalization (Cap)

The total market value of a company's outstanding equity

Cash Equivalents

Short-term securities, such as Treasury bills, money market mutual funds, or short-term bank certificates of deposit that provide safety and liquidity but historically have only marginally outpaced inflation in terms of return

Certificates of Deposit (CDs)

Money deposited in a financial institution for a set period of time at a specified interest rate. The risk of losing principal with CDs issued by federally insured institutions is very low

Closed-end Fund

A type of investment company that does not continuously offer new shares for sale but instead sells a fixed number of shares at one time in the initial public offering (IPO). After a fund’s IPO, its shares typically trade on a secondary market. Legally known as a “closed-end company.”

Commission

Compensation paid to a broker or other salesperson for his or her role when investments are bought or sold

Common Stock

Securities that represent an ownership interest and give the investor voting rights in the issuing corporation

Company Stock Fund

A fund that invests primarily in employer securities and may also maintain a cash position for liquidity purposes

Competing Funds

An investment fund that is identified by the investment manager of another fund and is subject to special rules relating to an investor’s ability to buy and sell investments between the two funds. See Equity Wash Restriction

Compound Interest

Interest earned not only on the original investment but on its accrued earnings as well

Conservative

An investment approach that accepts lower rewards in return for potentially lower risks

Contingent Deferred Sales Load (Charge)

A sales charge that investors pay when they redeem (or sell) mutual fund shares. The amount of the charge depends on the length of time shares were held. After a specified holding period, the charge reaches zero

Corporate Bond

A bond issued by a corporation, rather than by a government. The credit risk for a corporate bond is based on the repayment ability of the company that issued the bond

Credit Risk

The risk that a bond issuer will default, meaning not repay principal or interest to the investor as promised. Credit risk is also known as "default risk."

Current Yield

The current rate of return of an investment calculated by dividing its expected income payments by its current market price

Custodian

A person or entity (e.g., bank, trust company, or other organization) responsible for holding financial assets.

D

Deferred Sales Charge

A sales charge that investors pay when they redeem (or sell) mutual fund shares, generally used by the fund to compensate brokers. Also known as a Back-end Load

Deflation

The opposite of inflation — a decline in the prices of goods and services

Depreciation

A decrease in the value of an investment

Designated Investment Alternative

The investment options picked by your plan into which participants can direct the investment of their plan accounts

Distribution Fees

Fees to compensate brokers and others who sell fund shares and to pay for advertising and the printing and mailing of prospectuses to new investors and the printing and mailing of sales literature. Part of 12b-1 Fees

Diversification

The practice of spreading money among different investments to reduce risk, such as investing in different companies in various industries or in several different types of investments. Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against loss in a declining market

Dividend

Payments made by a corporation to its shareholders from past and current earnings. The amount an investor receives is based on the number of shares owned

Dow Jones Industrial Average (Dow or DJIA)

A widely followed price-weighted index of 30 of the largest, most widely held U.S. stocks.

E

Emerging Market

Generally, economies that are in the process of growth and industrialization, such as in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, the Far East, Latin America, and the Middle East, which, while relatively undeveloped, may hold significant growth potential in the future. Investing in these economies may provide significant rewards, and significant risks. May also be called "developing markets."

Emerging Market Fund

A fund that invests primarily in emerging market countries

Employer Securities

An investment option offered by some retirement plans that generally consists of stock in the corporation sponsoring the plan for its employees

Equity

The ownership interest of shareholders in a corporation

Equity Fund

A fund that invests primarily in equities

Equity Wash Restriction

A provision in certain stable value or fixed income products under which transfers made from the stable value or fixed income product are required to be directed to an equity fund or other non-competing investment option of the plan for a stated period of time (usually 90 days) before those funds may be invested in any other plan-provided competing fixed income fund (such as a money market fund)

Exchange Fee

A fee that some funds impose on shareholders if they exchange (transfer) to another fund within the same fund group (or “family of funds”)

Exchange-traded Fund (ETF)

A type of investment company whose shares trade on stock exchanges at prices determined by the market. Compare to Mutual Fund

Expense Ratio

A fund’s total annual operating expenses (including management fees, distribution (12b-1) fees, and other expenses) expressed as a percentage of average net assets.

F

Face Value

The amount a bond issuer is required to repay investors on the bond’s maturity date

 

Financial Statements

The written record of the financial status of a fund or company, usually published in the annual report. The financial statements generally include a balance sheet, income statement, and other financial statements and disclosures

Fixed Income Fund

A fund that invests primarily in bonds and other fixed income securities, often to provide shareholders with current income

Fixed Income Securities

Investments with specified payment dates and amounts, primarily bonds that pay interest

Front-end Load

An upfront sales charge investors pay when they purchase mutual fund shares, generally used by the fund to compensate brokers. A front-end load reduces the amount available to purchase fund shares

Fund Family

A group or “complex” of mutual funds, each typically with its own investment objective, that is managed and distributed by the same company. A fund family also could refer to a group of collective investment funds or a group of separate accounts managed and distributed by the same company

Fund of Funds

A mutual fund, collective investment fund or other pooled investment that invests primarily in other mutual funds, collective investment funds or pooled investments rather than investing directly in individual securities (such as stocks, bonds, or money market securities).

G

Glide Path

The change over time in a target date fund’s asset allocation mix to shift from a focus on growth to a focus on income.

Global Fund

A fund that invests in stocks throughout the world.

Gross Expense Ratio

See Expense Ratio.

Growth and Income Fund

A fund that has a dual strategy of growth or capital appreciation and current income generation through dividends or interest payments.

Growth Fund

A fund that invests primarily in the stocks of companies with above-average risk in return for potentially above-average gains. These companies often pay small or no dividends and their stock prices tend to have the most ups and downs from day to day.

Growth Stock

The stock of a firm whose earnings are generally growing faster than the economy or market norm. Investment risk with growth stock tends to be high.

H

I

Inception Date

The date that a fund began operations.

Income Fund

A fund that primarily seeks current income rather than capital appreciation.

Income Stock

Common stock that pays out a relatively large portion of earnings as dividends, resulting in a high yield for investors.

Index

A benchmark against which to evaluate a fund's performance.

Index Fund: Bond

A type of mutual fund or unit investment trust whose investment objective typically is to achieve approximately the same return as a particular bond index by investing in the bonds of issuers included in the index (or a representative sample). Because an index fund is “passively” managed, its fees and expenses are typically lower than those of an actively managed fund.

Index Fund: Stock

A type of mutual fund or unit investment trust whose investment objective typically is to achieve approximately the same return as a particular stock index by investing in the stocks of companies included in the index (or a representative sample). Because an index fund is “passively” managed, its fees and expenses are typically lower than those of an actively managed fund.

Inflation

The overall general upward price movement of goods and services in an economy.

Inflation Risk

The risk that an investment will not generate a higher rate of return than the rate of inflation and that the investment will lose real purchasing power.

Interest

An amount charged or paid for borrowing or using money.

Interest-rate Risk

The possibility that a bond’s or bond fund’s market value will decrease due to rising interest rates. When interest rates (and bond yields) go up, bond prices usually go down and vice versa.

Investment

A stock, bond, mutual fund, or other asset that offers investors the potential of profitable returns.

Investment Advisor

Generally, a person or entity that receives compensation for giving individually tailored advice on investing in stocks, bonds, or mutual funds. Some investment advisors also manage portfolios of securities, including mutual funds.

Investment Company

A company that issues securities and is primarily engaged in the business of investing in securities. Mutual funds, closed-end funds, and unit investment trusts are the three basic types of investment companies.

Investment Objective

The goal that an investment fund or investor seeks to achieve (e.g., growth or income).

Investment Risk

The possibility of losing some or all of the amounts invested or not gaining value in an investment.

J

K

L

Large Capitalization (Cap)

A reference to either a large company stock or an investment fund that invests in the stocks of large companies.

Large-cap Fund

A fund that invests in the stocks of “large” companies (as measured by market capitalization, or the value of a company’s outstanding stock).

Large-cap Stocks

Stocks of companies with a large market capitalization. Large caps tend to be well-established companies, so their stocks typically entail less risk than smaller caps, but large caps also offer less potential for dramatic growth.

Life Expectancy

The estimated age at which an individual is statistically likely to die. This value is taken from a standard mortality table based on gender and year of birth.

Lifecycle Fund

A diversified mutual fund that automatically shifts toward a more conservative mix of investments as it approaches a particular year in the future, known as its “target date.” A lifecycle fund investor picks a fund with the right target date based on his or her particular investment goal. Often called Target Date Fund.

Lifestyle Fund

A fund that maintains a predetermined risk level and generally uses words, such as “conservative,” “moderate,” or “aggressive,” in its name to indicate the fund’s risk level. Used interchangeably with Target Risk Fund.

Liquidity

The ability to turn an asset into cash readily.

Load

A sales charge assessed on certain investments to cover selling costs. A front-end load is charged at the time of purchase. A back-end load is charged at the time of sale or redemption.

M

Managed Account

A portfolio of stocks or bonds owned by an individual and managed by (i.e., investment decisions are made by) a professional investment manager.

Management Fee

A fee paid out of fund assets to the fund’s investment advisor or its affiliates for managing the fund’s portfolio, any other management fees payable to the fund’s investment advisor or its affiliates, and any administrative fees payable to the investment advisor that are not included in the “other expenses” category.

Market Capitalization

The value of a company’s outstanding stock, calculated by multiplying the current share price by the number of shares of stock owned by investors.

Market Index

A measurement of the performance of a specific “basket” of stocks, bonds, or other type of investment considered to represent a particular market or sector of the stock or bond markets or the economy.

Market Risk

The possibility that the value of an investment will fall because of a general decline in the financial markets.

Market Volatility

The relative rate at which investment market prices move up and down.

Maturity

The date by which the issuer of a bond promises to repay the bond’s face value.

Mid Capitalization (Cap)

A reference to either a medium sized company stock or an investment fund that invests in the stocks of medium-sized companies.

Mid-cap Fund

Invests in the stocks of “mid-size” companies (as measured by market capitalization, or the market value of a company’s outstanding stock).

Mid-cap Stocks

Stocks of companies with a medium market capitalization. Mid caps are often considered to offer more growth potential than larger caps (but less than small caps) and less risk than small caps (but more than large caps).

Money Market

The market in which large amounts of short-term funds are loaned and borrowed. Money market instruments include such investments as commercial paper, negotiable certificates of deposit, and Treasury bills. Investment risk is generally low.

Money Market Fund

A mutual fund that invests in short-term, high-grade fixed income securities and seeks the highest level of income consistent with preservation of capital (i.e., maintaining a stable share price).

MSCI EAFE Index

An index known by an acronym for the Europe, Australasia, and Far East markets produced by Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI). Markets are represented in the index according to their approximate share of world market capitalization. The index is a widely used benchmark for managers of international stock fund portfolios.

MSCI World Index

An index of major world stock markets, including the United States. The index is a widely used benchmark for managers of global stock fund portfolios.

Mutual Fund

An investment that combines money from shareholders and invests it in numerous securities, including stocks, bonds, and short-term money market instruments. As open-ended investments, most mutual funds continuously offer new shares to investors.

N

NASDAQ

The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation, also called the “electronic stock market.” The NASDAQ composite index measures the performance of more than 5,000 U.S. and non-U.S. companies traded “over the counter” through NASDAQ.

Net Asset Value (NAV)

A mutual fund’s per-share value, calculated by subtracting the fund’s liabilities from the value of its assets and dividing the result by the number of outstanding fund shares. Mutual funds calculate their NAVs at least once each business day.

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

The oldest and largest stock exchange in the United States, founded in 1792.

No-load Fund

A mutual fund whose shares are sold without a sales commission and that does not charge a combined 12b-1 fee and service fee of more than 25 basis points or 0.25% per year.

O

Operating Expenses

The costs a fund incurs in connection with running the fund, including management fees, distribution (12b-1) fees, and other expenses. Operating expenses are paid from a fund’s assets before earnings are distributed to shareholders.

P

Passive Management

The process or approach to operating or managing a fund in a passive or non-active manner, typically with the goal of mirroring an index. These funds are often referred to as index funds and differ from investment funds that are actively managed.

Performance

The results of an investment over a given time period. (Also see Return.)

Portfolio

A collection of securities, such as stocks, bonds, or mutual fund shares, owned by an individual or an organization.

Portfolio Manager

The individual, team, or firm that makes the investment decisions for an investment fund, including the selection of the individual investments.

Portfolio Turnover

A measure of a fund’s investment trading activity. Portfolio turnover is calculated as a percentage of a portfolio’s asset value that is bought or sold annually. Turnover represents the number of times portfolio assets are replaced. The higher the percentage, the more the manager has traded.

Preferred Stock

Corporate stock that gives stockholders a claim on the issuing company’s earnings and assets and that takes precedence over the claims of common stockholders should the company be liquidated. Generally, preferred stock pays a regular dividend, which is also paid prior to any dividend payments to common stockholders. Unlike common stock, preferred stock usually does not carry voting rights.

Principal

The original amount (capital sum) invested, as distinguished from interest or profit.

Prospectus

Printed material offering a security for sale, which provides full disclosure of legally required information regarding the security.

Q

Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO)

A judgment, decree, or order that creates or recognizes an alternate payee’s (such as a former spouse, child, etc.) right to receive all or a portion of an individual’s retirement plan benefits.

R

Real Rate of Return

The rate of return on an investment adjusted for inflation.

Rebalancing

Bringing a portfolio back to its original (or a desired) asset allocation mix.

Redeem

To cash in mutual fund shares by selling them back to the fund at their current share price (net asset value). A deferred sales charge or redemption fee may apply at the time of redemption.

Redemption Fee

A shareholder fee that some mutual funds charge when investors redeem (or sell) mutual fund shares. The fee is typically applicable to redemptions made soon after purchase.

Return

The profit (or loss) earned (incurred) through investing.

Revenue Sharing

An arrangement under which a mutual fund company or other investment provider makes payments to another service provider (for example, a plan recordkeeper or third party administrator) from investment fees paid by the plan or its participants. Common revenue sharing arrangements include 12b-1 fees, back-end load, front-end load, and subtransfer agency fees.

Risk

The possibility that an investment will not perform as anticipated. An acceptable degree of risk must be determined by the individual, with the understanding that the higher the expected return, the greater the risk factor. There are many different kinds of risk, such as market, inflation, interest rate, liquidity, political, etc.

Risk Tolerance

An investor’s ability or willingness to endure declines in the value of investments in exchange for a greater potential investment return.

Round Trip Restriction

A policy that limits the number of times an investor can exchange in to and out of a fund within a given time frame. This is intended to discourage frequent trading that increases the costs to all the fund’s investors.

Russell Indexes

A group of indexes that are widely used to benchmark investment performance. The most common Russell index is the Russell 2000 Index, an index of U.S. small-cap stocks, which measures the performance of the 2,000 smallest U.S. companies in the Russell 3000 Index.

S

S&P 500® Stock Index

A composite index of 500 large company stocks compiled by Standard & Poor’s Corporation that is used as a broad measure of U.S. stock market performance.

Sales Charge

The amount investors may pay when they purchase (see Front-end Load) or redeem (see Back-end Load) mutual fund shares. This fee typically goes to the brokerage firm that sells the fund’s shares.

Sector Fund

A fund that invests in a particular or specialized segment of the marketplace, such as stocks of companies in the software, health care, or real estate industries.

Securities

Assets, such as stocks, bonds, etc., that allow the investor to participate in earnings, distribution of property, or other assets of the corporation issuing the security.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Government agency created by Congress in 1934 to regulate the securities industry and to help protect investors. The SEC is responsible for ensuring that the securities markets operate fairly and honestly.

Separate Account

An insurance company account that is segregated or separate from the insurance company’s general assets. Also refers to a fund managed by an investment advisor for a single plan.

Share

A representation of ownership in a corporation, mutual fund, or some other type of financial investment.

Share Class

Some investment funds and companies offer more than one type or group of shares, each of which is considered a class (e.g., “Class A,” “Advisor” or “Institutional” shares). For most investment funds, each class has different fees and expenses but all of the classes invest in the same pool of securities and share the same investment objectives.

Shareholder

An investor who owns shares in a mutual fund or any other company.

Shareholder Service Fees

A charge to shareholders of a mutual fund to cover the fund’s shareholder servicing, distribution, and marketing costs. The fees may be paid to broker/dealers or other intermediaries who provide such services to the fund. Part of 12b-1 Fees.

Shareholder-type Expenses

Fees charged directly against a plan participant’s or beneficiary’s investment. These expenses are not included in the total annual operating expenses of the investment.

Small Capitalization (Cap)

A reference to either a small company stock or an investment fund that invests in the stocks of small companies.

Small-cap Fund

Invests in the stocks of relatively “small” publicly traded companies (as measured by market capitalization, or the total market value of a company’s outstanding stock).

Small-cap Stocks

Stocks of companies with a smaller market capitalization. Small caps are often considered to offer more growth potential than large caps and mid caps but with more risk.

Stable Value Fund

A fund whose goal is to preserve the investor’s principal while earning interest income. Typical fund investments include guaranteed investment contracts, money market securities, and fixed income securities. A stable value fund attempts to maintain a constant $1 unit price, but the fund makes no guarantee that the $1 price will be maintained, and the fund’s yield may vary.

Stock Fund

A fund that invests primarily in stocks.

Stock Symbol

An abbreviation using letters and numbers assigned to securities to identify them. Also see Ticker Symbol.

Stocks

Shares of a corporation. Also known as "equities," they give the investor an ownership interest in the company issuing the stock. Owners are usually entitled to receive dividends and vote on important company matters.

Summary Prospectus

A short-form prospectus that mutual funds generally may use with investors if they make the long-form prospectus and additional information available online or on paper upon request.

T

Target Date Fund

A diversified mutual fund that automatically shifts toward a more conservative mix of investments as it approaches a particular year in the future, known as its “target date.” A target fund investor picks a fund with the right target date based on his or her particular investment goal. Also called Lifecycle Fund.

Target Risk Fund

A fund that maintains a predetermined asset mix and generally uses words, such as “conservative,” “moderate,” or “aggressive,” in its name to indicate the fund’s risk level. Often used interchangeably with Lifestyle Fund.

Ticker Symbol

An abbreviation using letters and numbers assigned to securities and indexes to identify them. Also see Stock Symbol.

Time Horizon

The expected number of months, years, or decades an individual will be investing to achieve a particular financial goal.

Total Annual Operating Expenses

A measure of what it costs to operate an investment, expressed as a percentage of its assets, as a dollar amount, or in basis points. These are costs the investor pays through a reduction in the investment's rate of return. See Expense Ratio and Operating Expenses.

Total Return

A measure of investment performance that takes into account the unrealized increase/decrease in the investment’s value during a specific time period, as well as any income generated by the investment during that period. Expressed as a percentage of the initial investment.

Treasury Bills

Short-term U.S. government debt securities that have maturities of one year or less that are sold at weekly auctions at a discount and are redeemed at face value.

Treasury Bonds

Long-term U.S. government debt securities that have maturities of more than ten years.

Treasury Notes

Intermediate-term U.S. government debt securities that have maturities between one and ten years.

Trustee

A person or entity (e.g., bank, trust company, or other organization) that is responsible for the holding and safekeeping of trust assets. A trustee may also have other duties, such as investment management. A trustee that is a “directed trustee” is responsible for the safekeeping of trust assets but has no discretionary investment management duties or authority over the assets.

U

U.S. Government Agency Securities

Securities issued by government agencies rather than issued directly by the U.S. Treasury. Agencies issuing these securities include: the Federal Home Loan Banks, the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), and the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), among others.

Unit

A representation of ownership in an investment that does not issue shares, such as a collective investment fund. Also see Collective Investment Fund.

Unit Class

Investment funds that are divided into units (e.g., collective investment funds) instead of shares may offer more than one type or group of units, each of which is considered a class (e.g., “Class A”). For most investment funds, each class has different fees and expenses but all of the classes invest in the same pool of securities and share the same investment objectives.

Unit Investment Trust (UIT)

A type of investment company that typically makes a one-time “public offering” of only a specific, fixed number of units. A UIT will terminate and dissolve on a date established when the UIT is created (may be more than 50 years after the UIT is created). UITs do not actively trade their investment portfolios.

Unit Value

The dollar value of each unit on a given date.

Unitholder

An owner of units in an investment. See Shareholder.

V

Value Fund

A mutual fund whose manager buys primarily undervalued stocks for the fund’s portfolio with the expectation that these stocks will increase in value.

Variable Return Investment

Investments for which the return is not fixed. This term includes stock and bond funds as well as investments that seek to preserve principal but do not guarantee a particular return, e.g., Money Market Fund and Stable Value Fund.

Volatility

The amount and frequency of fluctuations in the price of a security, commodity, or a market within a specified time period. Generally, an investment with high volatility is said to have higher risk, since there is an increased chance that the price of the security will have fallen when an investor wants to sell.

W

Wrap Fee

A fee or expense that is added to or “wrapped around” an investment to pay for one or more product features or services.

XYZ

Yield

The interest or dividend paid with respect to a security. Yield is usually expressed as a percentage of the security’s price. More broadly, some investment advisors include capital appreciation as part of the yield.